The ‘Batman Effect’: How having
an alter ego empowers you
By David Robson
18th August 2020
Thinking of yourself as a separate entity can reduce anxiety,
while also kicking up some major benefits for your confidence
and determination.
H
How do the world’s top stars muster the poise and determination to stand on stage, despite the
nerves and anxiety of having a bad performance? For both Beyoncé and Adele, the secret has
been the creation of an alter ego.
Beyoncé’s was the assertive and empowered ‘Sasha Fierce’, who allowed her to perform with
extra self-confidence and sensuality. “Usually when I hear the chords, when I put on my stilettos,
like the moment right before when you’re nervous… then Sasha Fierce appears, and my posture
and the way I speak and everything is different,” she told Oprah Winfrey in 2008. It was a
strategy that she continued to use until 2010, when she felt she had matured enough to avoid
the psychological crutch.
Inspired by an emotional meeting with Beyoncé herself, Adele followed suit, telling Rolling
Stone magazine in 2011 about her creation of ‘Sasha Carter’. The persona was a combination
of Beyoncé’s Sasha Fierce persona and the (real) country music star June Carter. Adele said the
strategy helped her give her best to every performance during her breakout year.
Although the embodiment of a fictional persona may seem like a gimmick for pop stars, new
research suggests there may be some real psychological benefits to the strategy. Adopting an
alter ego is an extreme form of ‘self-distancing’, which involves taking a step back from our
immediate feelings to allow us to view a situation more dispassionately.
“Self-distancing gives us a little bit of extra space to think rationally about the situation,” says
Rachel White, assistant professor of psychology at Hamilton College in New York State. It
allows us to rein in undesirable feelings like anxiety, increases our perseverance on challenging
tasks, and boosts our self-control.
Beyoncé debuted her Sasha Fierce alter ego in 2008, which she says boosts her
confidence and improves her performance (Credit: Alamy)
Shifting perspective
Ethan Kross, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, has led much of this
research over the past decade, showing that even small shifts in perspective can help people to
gain control of their emotions.
In one study, participants were asked to think about a challenging event in the future, such as
an important exam, in one of two different ways. The group in the “immersed” condition were
told to picture it from the inside, as if they were in the middle of the situation, whereas those in
the “distanced” condition were asked to picture it from afar – as if they were a fly on the wall.
The differences were striking, with those taking the distanced viewpoint feeling much less
anxious about the event, compared to the immersed group. The self-distancing also encouraged
greater feelings of self-efficacy – the sense that they could pro-actively cope with the situation
and achieve their goal.
Adopting an alter ego is an extreme form of ‘self-distancing’,
which involves taking a step back from our immediate feelings to
allow us to view a situation more dispassionately
In other experiments, participants were asked to give a small public talk. Beforehand, they were
advised to think through their emotions about the challenge using the third person (“David
feels…”) as if they were a separate entity, rather than the more immersive first person (“I feel”).
Like the distanced visualisation, this advice was designed to encourage the person to see the
situation from an outside perspective.
Once again, the creation of the psychological distance helped the participants to master their
anxiety, reducing both their subjective ratings of the emotion and objective measures, such as
the changes in heart rate and blood pressure that usually accompany threatening events.
And those feelings of greater confidence were reflected in the quality of the presentation
itself, according to the judgement of independent observers asked to rate their performance.
The eye on the prize
Self-distancing seems to enable people to reap these positive effects by leading them to focus on
the bigger picture – it’s possible to see events as part of a broader plan rather than getting bogged
down in immediate feelings. And this has led some researchers to wonder whether it could also
improve elements of self-control like determination, by making sure that we keep focused on our
goals even in the face of distraction.
Adele performing in 2015 in Germany. She followed Beyoncé's example and fashioned
her own persona called Sasha Carter (Credit: Alamy)
Along these lines, one experiment asked whether people were better able to focus on difficult
word puzzles if they had been asked to practice self-distancing before the test. In this case, they
were asked to give advice to themselves in the second-person – “You will concentrate on each
question” – as if they were talking to a friend, rather than themselves. Besides improving overall
performance, the effects could also be seen in questionnaires measuring their attitudes to the
task, which revealed a stronger intention to improve their performance.
By boosting their sense of self control, self-distancing can also improve people’s health
behaviour. It can increase people’s intentions to exercise, for instance, and helps them to resist
the temptation of junk food. This is no mean feat. “Few self-control strategies to date have
successfully improved eating outcomes,” says Celina Furman, a social psychology researcher at
the University of Minnesota.
We could all boost our emotional regulation, self-control and
general poise by choosing to embody another persona à la
Sasha Fierce
Working with Kross, Furman recently asked participants to practice self-distancing as they were
faced with the choice of various kinds of food – fruit compared to candy, for example. When
participants had practiced self-distancing (asking “What does David want?”, for example, rather
than “What do I want?) they were more likely to choose the healthier option.
Although further studies will be needed to test the long-term benefits of the approach, Furman
thinks that it could be incorporated into a variety of different weight-loss schemes. “The ease of
distanced self-talk does offer exciting potential applications,” she says. It could be incorporated
into mobile apps, for instance, with notifications that prompt you to think in the third person as
you plan your meals.
The ‘Batman Effect’
The possibility that self-distancing could increase willpower is particularly exciting for child
psychologists, given that self-discipline is thought to be as important for academic performance
as IQ.
A few years ago, assistant psychology professor White took a group of six-year-olds and set
them a test of concentration on a computer, in which a series of images flashed and they had to
press the space bar whenever they saw a picture of cheese. The task was designed to be rather
boring, but the children were told that it was “a very important activity” and that they would be a
“good helper” if they worked on the task for as long as possible – increasing their motivation to
persevere. As a potential distraction, the researchers also left them with an iPad, with a much
more fun game designed to lure them away.
Beforehand, the children were told that it could sometimes be helpful to think about their
feelings, if the task got too boring. Some were told to think “Am I working hard?” while others
were encouraged to think in the third-person (“Is Hannah working hard?”). A third group were
given the option to change persona entirely by inhabiting the role of their favourite fictional hero,
such as Batman or Dora the Explorer. They were even given props to dress up, and when they
got bored, they were told to consider their behaviour as if they were the actual character, asking,
for instance, “Is Batman working hard?”
Self-distancing and alter egos even work with children. When kids inhabit a persona like
Batman or Dora the Explorer during a task, studies show they work harder (Credit:
Alamy)
The researchers had suspected that the alter ego would be a more extreme form of self-
distancing, and the results showed exactly that. While the children thinking in the third person
spent about 10% more of the total available time on the task that those thinking in the first
person, it was the children inhabiting their alter egos who stuck it out for the longest of all.
Overall, they spent 13% more of the total available time on the task than those thinking in
the third person (and 23% more than those thinking about their behaviour in the first person).
White has also found that adopting an alter ego can also help children to concentrate on a
complex card game, in which they had to follow complex rules that kept on changing. Once
again, “the Batman effect” seemed to have increased their resolve and concentration,
improving their “executive function”.
While these were laboratory experiments, White hopes that this small exercise might ease many
situations that require self-control. The test of perseverance, after all, was already very close to
the kind of decisions that children might face when doing their homework with the potential
temptation of the TV or cell phone. She thinks it may also be useful to avoid feeling dispirited
during new challenges. “Pretending to be someone who's more competent, and getting that
distance from the situation, could help them to overcome the frustration they're feeling when
they're learning something new.”
What would Beyoncé do?
Given these findings and the benefits of self-distancing more generally, White suspects that we
could all boost our emotional regulation, self-control and general poise by choosing to embody
another persona à la Sasha Fierce.
After all, certain religious initiatives already encourage this kind of thinking, she says. “When I
was growing up in the ‘90s, there were all these bracelets that said, ‘WWJD’ – What would Jesus
do?” she says. “So, I think it’s a pretty intuitive concept to a lot of people.”
If you want to try it yourself, White suggests picking a different person for different types of
goals – maybe a wise member of your family for a personal dilemma, or a work mentor for a
professional problem. “When I was a postdoc, we had a little saying in our lab that if you're an
undergrad, pretend to be a grad student. If you are a grad student, pretend to be a postdoc, and if
you're a postdoc, pretend to be the leader of the lab – just to get you to that next level,” she says.
Whatever persona we choose, the practice should create some psychological space away from
potentially distracting feelings, while also reminding us of the behaviours we want to emulate.
Whether we’re placing ourselves in the shoes of a friend, a religious figure, or Beyoncé herself, a
little imagination might put us all a little closer to the person we wish to become.
