Grk

 A literary work must have certain features. First of all, it must have a good hero or heroine. The writer must have a fertile imagination. Every word in the work must be apt. The language used should be majestic. There should be sabda rasa too, which means apart from the meaning being appealing, the very sound of the words must be appealing. There should be bhaava rasa. The emotions that prompted the words must be evident. The thoughts of the author must come through clearly, and without any ambiguity. The author’s vocabulary must be wide. Pillai Lokam Jeer wrote a commentary for Manavala Mamunigal’s Yatiraja Vimsati, and he said that whatever was in Manavala Mamunigal’s heart had come out vividly in the work. Both Sri Rangaraja Stava and Sri Guna Ratna Kosa have all the qualities that mark a great work. But Sri Guna Ratna Kosa is superior, because only through the grace of the Goddess we can approach Lord Narayana. Kalidasa’s ability in coming up with similes, Bharavi’s meaningful use of words and Murari Kavi’s unique way of presenting facts — are all seen in Sri Guna Ratna Kosa, making it a great contribution to Visishtadvaitic literature.

Guna Ratna Kosha is a devotional Sanskrit hymn composed by Sri Parashara Bhattar (12th century CE), a great scholar of the Sri Vaishnava tradition. He was the son of the illustrious Kuresa (Koorathazhwan), a direct disciple of Bhagavad Ramanuja. This work is a poetic and philosophical composition that glorifies Sri Ranganatha, the presiding deity of Srirangam, extolling His divine qualities (gunas).

The title Guna Ratna Kosha means "A Treasure of Gem-like Virtues", where Parashara Bhattar beautifully describes the countless auspicious qualities of Lord Ranganatha. The hymn is a deeply devotional composition that highlights the Lord's boundless compassion, beauty, majesty, and grace towards His devotees.

1. Glorification of Lord Ranganatha – The Lord is praised as the supreme deity, whose divine attributes make Him the most accessible and merciful of all gods.

2. Emphasis on Divine Qualities (Kalyana Gunas) – The text describes Lord Ranganatha’s virtues such as compassion (karuṇā), patience (kṣamā), generosity (audārya), and accessibility (saulabhya).

3. Bhakti and Surrender – Parashara Bhattar, following the Sri Vaishnava tradition, emphasizes the path of prapatti (surrender) as the means to attain liberation.

4. Critique of Other Paths – The hymn indirectly critiques other theological viewpoints, establishing the supremacy of Lord Vishnu as the ultimate refuge.

5. Personal Devotion – The verses reflect Bhattar’s personal emotional connection with Ranganatha, making it an intimate and heartfelt hymn.

Guna Ratna Kosha is considered a masterpiece in Sri Vaishnava literature, showcasing Bhattar’s poetic genius and deep devotion.

It is often studied alongside his other famous work, Sri Rangaraja Stava, which also glorifies Lord Ranganatha.

The hymn embodies the essence of Sri Vaishnavism, which emphasizes devotion (bhakti), surrender (prapatti), and service (kainkarya).

Some selected verses

Parashara Bhattar's Guna Ratna Kosha is a collection of verses that exquisitely describe the divine qualities (kalyāṇa guṇas) of Sri Ranganatha, the presiding deity of Srirangam. Here, we explore some of its key verses and themes.

1. The Supreme Mercy of Sri Ranganatha

Bhattar begins by praising the boundless mercy (karuṇā) of the Lord:

"कृपया किमपि त्वयि प्रपन्ने भवती न भिन्नविधानकल्पना सा।

नरकं नयति त्वदेकशेषं स्वगृहे यच्छरणागतानां॥"

"O Lord! Your mercy is unparalleled. Once someone surrenders to You, You make no distinction in their background. Even if they are destined for hell, Your grace brings them to Your divine abode!"

This verse highlights Sri Vaishnava philosophy of unconditional surrender (prapatti), where the Lord rescues His devotees regardless of their past actions.

2. The Divine Beauty of Sri Ranganatha

Parashara Bhattar vividly describes Lord Ranganatha’s mesmerizing beauty, which captivates the hearts of devotees:

"कस्यापि पुण्यकृत आत्मनि नित्यं क्षीराब्धिनाथ त्वयि भाति माधुरी।

कण्ठे स्फुरत्कौस्तुभरत्नदीप्तिर्ज्योतिः सुराणामिव चन्द्रमण्डले॥"

"O Lord of the Milky Ocean! Your eternal divine form radiates sweetness. The effulgence of the Kaustubha gem on Your chest resembles the moon's brilliance that delights the celestials."

Bhattar paints a picture of Lord Ranganatha’s enchanting form, focusing on His Kaustubha jewel, which symbolizes His supremacy.

3. The Accessibility (Saulabhya) of the Lord

Unlike deities who remain distant, Lord Ranganatha makes Himself accessible to devotees at Srirangam:

"यः स्वं नितान्तं महिमा न जह्याच्छ्रीरङ्गनाथः सुलभो जनानाम्।

यस्याङ्गलग्नाः खलु भक्तबन्धाः पापं न जानन्ति न मर्त्यलोकम्॥"

"Sri Ranganatha, despite being the Lord of infinite glory, remains easily accessible to all. Those who hold onto Him never know sin or worldly suffering."

This emphasizes saulabhya (ease of approach), a central theme in Bhattar’s devotion—unlike other deities, Sri Ranganatha is readily available to all who seek Him.

4.l The Lord’s Patience (Kṣamā)

Bhattar marvels at Lord Ranganatha’s infinite patience in dealing with even the most sinful beings:

"यद्यपि दोषैरखिलैश्चयुक्तो दासोऽस्मि तेऽहं कृपया न मुंच।

त्वं नाथ लोकस्य जनार्दनः सन् सर्वं दधासि स्वगुणानुरूपम्॥"

"Even though I am filled with countless faults, O Lord, do not abandon me! You are Janardana, the protector of the world, and You accept all beings according to Your infinite compassion."

The Lord never forsakes anyone, no matter their imperfections, embodying divine patience and forgiveness.

5. The Ultimate Refuge for All Beings

Bhattar assures that surrendering to Sri Ranganatha is the ultimate and safest path:

"त्वं मे गतिर्नाथ! त्वमेव साक्षात् त्वं मे परं दैवतमेव नित्यम्।

त्वं मे जगत्प्राणभृतां पिता च त्वं नो गुरुः त्वं च सुहृद्गतीशः॥"

"O Lord! You alone are my refuge, my eternal deity, my father, my teacher, my best friend, and my ultimate protector!"

This verse perfectly captures the essence of surrender (śaraṇāgati), acknowledging the Lord as the one and only savior.

Parashara Bhattar’s Guna Ratna Kosha is a treasure trove of devotion and philosophy, celebrating Sri Ranganatha’s divine qualities. Through exquisite poetry, Bhattar:

1. Highlights the Lord’s mercy, beauty, and accessibility.

2. Reinforces the concept of surrender (prapatti) as the highest path.

3. Inspires devotees to seek Sri Ranganatha as their eternal refuge.

Attitude

 

Enough.

 The theory of enough is a concept that explores contentment, sufficiency, and the balance between need and excess. It suggests that individuals, societies, and even economies should focus on having "enough" rather than endlessly pursuing more—whether in terms of wealth, possessions, power, or achievement.

At its core, the theory of enough emphasizes:

1. Sufficiency Over Excess – Instead of accumulating beyond necessity, one should recognize and appreciate what is adequate for a good life.

2. Mindful Consumption – Excessive materialism can lead to stress and dissatisfaction, whereas knowing what is enough leads to peace and gratitude.

3. Simplicity and Sustainability – Living with "enough" promotes sustainability, reducing waste and environmental harm.

4. Personal Fulfillment – Happiness often comes from meaningful relationships, purpose, and well-being rather than relentless acquisition.

5. Economic and Social Balance – Societies that embrace the idea of enough may focus more on equitable distribution rather than unchecked growth and inequality.

This idea appears in various philosophical and religious traditions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Stoicism, and even modern minimalism and financial independence movements.

Dvipada.

 The Dvipada Ramayana is a unique Telugu retelling of the Ramayana, composed in the dvipada meter, a two-line couplet style that makes it rhythmic and easy to recite. It is traditionally attributed to Tikkana Somayaji, one of the greatest poets of Telugu literature, though some scholars suggest other authors may have contributed to it.

Detailed Breakdown of the Dvipada Ramayana

Like Valmiki’s Ramayana, the Dvipada Ramayana follows the same broad structure but with a unique Telugu literary and devotional touch. It is divided into Kandas (books), though the exact division varies in different versions.

1. Bala Kanda (Childhood of Rama)

Begins with the birth of Lord Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna.

Sage Vishwamitra takes Rama and Lakshmana to protect his yajna (sacrifice).

Rama slays demons like Tataka and Subahu.

Rama breaks Lord Shiva’s bow and wins Sita’s hand in marriage at King Janaka’s court.

2. Ayodhya Kanda (Exile Begins)

Coronation preparations for Rama as prince.

Kaikeyi’s two boons lead to Rama’s exile for fourteen years.

Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana leave for the forest.

Bharata’s grief and his refusal to accept the throne; he places Rama’s padukas on the throne instead.

3. Aranya Kanda (Forest Adventures)

The trio encounters sages and demons in the forests.

The episode of Shurpanakha and Rama’s rejection of her advances.

Lakshmana disfigures Shurpanakha; in revenge, her brothers Khara and Dushana attack and are slain.

Ravana’s plan to abduct Sita, leading to the golden deer trick.

Maricha, disguised as a deer, deceives Rama and Lakshmana.0

Ravana abducts Sita, carrying her away to Lanka.

4. Kishkindha Kanda (Alliance with Hanuman and Sugriva)

Rama meets Sugriva and Hanuman.

The battle between Sugriva and Vali, leading to Vali’s death.

Sugriva promises to help Rama find Sita.

Hanuman sets out to find Sita.

5. Sundara Kanda (Hanuman’s Journey to Lanka)

Hanuman’s mighty leap across the ocean.

Hanuman meets Sita in Ashoka Vatika and gives her Rama’s ring.

Hanuman wreaks havoc in Lanka and sets it ablaze.

Hanuman returns to Rama with news of Sita.

6. Yuddha Kanda (The Great War)

Rama, Lakshmana, and the Vanara army march to Lanka.

The construction of Rama Setu (bridge across the ocean).

Fierce battles between Rama’s army and Ravana’s forces.

The deaths of Kumbhakarna, Indrajit, and other demons.

Rama slays Ravana and rescues Sita.

Rama’s return to Ayodhya in the Pushpaka Vimana.

7. Uttara Kanda (Later Events)

Sita’s trial by fire (Agni Pariksha).

Rama’s return to Ayodhya and his coronation (Pattabhishekam).

Sita’s exile to the forest and birth of Lava and Kusha.

The twin sons challenge Rama in battle and later reunite with him.

Sita returns to Mother Earth.

Rama’s divine departure (Vaikuntha Gamanam).

Unique Features of the Dvipada Ramayana

1. Dvipada Meter

Unlike Valmiki’s Ramayana, which is in shloka (four-line verse) form, this version follows the dvipada (two-line) meter, making it highly rhythmic.

This style makes it easy for oral storytelling and community recitation.

2. Emphasis on Devotion (Bhakti)

The Dvipada Ramayana places a strong focus on devotion to Rama.

Hanuman, in particular, is depicted with great reverence.

It emphasizes Rama’s divine qualities rather than just his role as a king.

3. Local Telugu Influence

Some descriptions include cultural elements familiar to Telugu-speaking audiences.

The language is simple, direct, and meant for bhakti (devotional) purposes.

4. Emotional and Philosophical Depth

The dialogues between characters are enriched with bhakti rasa (devotional sentiment).

It includes moral teachings interwoven into the narrative.

The Dvipada Ramayana had a significant impact on Telugu literature.

It inspired other poets and later versions of the Ramayana in Telugu.

It remains a cherished text among devotees, often recited during religious gatherings.

Pink and blue

 The idea that blue is for boys and pink is for girls is actually a relatively recent cultural development, not a historical or biological fact. In fact, before the 20th century, it was quite the opposite in many Western societies.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, babies of both genders were often dressed in white dresses for practicality, as they could be easily bleached.

Around the early 1900s, some sources suggested that pink was for boys because it was a stronger, more assertive color (as a variation of red), while blue was for girls because it was considered more delicate and dainty.

A 1918 article in Earnshaw’s Infants’ Department stated:

“The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls. The reason is that pink, being a more decided and stronger color, is more suitable for the boy, while blue, which is more delicate and dainty, is prettier for the girl.”

When and Why It Changed:

The shift happened in the 1940s when American retailers and manufacturers began standardizing pink for girls and blue for boys.

This was largely driven by marketing, as companies found it profitable to gender-segregate clothing and toys.

After World War II, societal expectations reinforced these color associations, especially with the rise of consumer culture.

By the 1980s, with the advancement of prenatal testing (allowing parents to know the baby's gender before birth), companies began aggressively marketing gender-specific clothing, further solidifying the modern color norms.

A Cultural, Not Biological, Norm

These color associations are not universal—other cultures have different traditions.

For example, in some parts of Europe and Asia, blue is still associated with femininity due to its connection to the Virgin Mary.

So, the idea that blue is for girls and pink is for boys was actually once more common, but marketing and social trends reversed it over time.

Vasishta gita.

 The Vasishtha Gita is a sacred philosophical text embedded within the Yoga Vasishtha, a dialogue between Sage Vasishtha and Lord Rama. It presents the essence of Advaita Vedanta and the path to liberation (moksha), focusing on self-inquiry, detachment, and the realization of the illusory nature of the world.

The Vasishtha Gita is a subset of the Yoga Vasishtha, a voluminous scripture attributed to Valmiki, which consists of about 32,000 verses. The Yoga Vasishtha itself is structured as a discourse between the enlightened sage Vasishtha and the young prince Rama, who is disillusioned with the transient nature of worldly life. Within this vast text, the Vasishtha Gita forms a concise exposition of non-dual wisdom.

1. Brahman Alone Is Real

The Vasishtha Gita emphasizes that Brahman (pure consciousness) is the only reality, while the world and individuality are mere appearances.

The Vasishtha Gita teaches that the ultimate reality is Brahman, which is pure consciousness, eternal, formless, and beyond all limitations.

Everything else, including the universe, body, and mind, is temporary and changing, and hence not absolutely real.

Just as a mirage appears real but disappears upon closer inspection, the world is an appearance upon the unchanging reality of Brahman.

2. The Illusory Nature of the World (Maya)

It asserts that the world is an illusion (maya), projected by the mind. Just as dreams appear real but vanish upon waking, the phenomenal world is unreal in the absolute sense.

The material world (jagat) is not real in an absolute sense, but it appears real due to maya (illusion).

Maya is the power that creates the sense of separateness and makes an individual believe they are distinct from Brahman.

Example: A rope in the dark may be mistaken for a snake. Similarly, due to ignorance, we mistake the transient world for reality.

3. Self-Knowledge Leads to Liberation

True knowledge (jnana) is the realization that one's true nature is not the body or mind but the eternal Self (Atman). This realization alone leads to liberation.

Liberation (moksha) is not about going to another world or gaining something new; it is about realizing one's eternal nature as Brahman.

The Self (Atman) is already free, but ignorance (avidya) makes a person feel bound.

By direct self-inquiry (vichara), one can remove this ignorance and recognize the Self as eternal and unchanging.

4. The Importance of a Quiet Mind

The mind, when agitated, creates bondage. When quiet and detached, it becomes a tool for liberation. The text advocates meditation and self-inquiry (vichara) to transcend mental fluctuations.

The mind, filled with desires, attachments, and thoughts, creates the illusion of bondage.

A restless mind keeps a person trapped in suffering, while a calm and disciplined mind leads to liberation.

The Gita advocates self-inquiry, meditation, and detachment to quiet the mind and realize the Self.

5. Non-Attachment and Renunciation

Liberation does not necessarily require physical renunciation but rather inner detachment (vairagya). A person who realizes the truth remains unaffected by the ups and downs of life.

Renunciation (sannyasa) does not mean leaving the world but giving up attachment to it.

A person can live in the world, fulfill responsibilities, and still be free internally by recognizing that everything is part of Brahman.

Example: A lotus grows in water but remains untouched by it. Similarly, an enlightened person lives in the world but remains unattached.

6. The Power of Inquiry

Constant questioning of one's identity ("Who am I?") and discerning the real from the unreal leads to enlightenment. This aligns with the teachings of Advaita masters like Adi Shankaracharya.

Constant questioning like "Who am I?", "What is real?", "What is the nature of consciousness?" leads to self-realization.

When all false identifications (body, mind, emotions) are removed, only pure awareness remains.

This is the highest wisdom (jnana), leading to liberation.

The Vasishtha Gita is highly practical for seekers of self-realization. It teaches that suffering arises from ignorance and that knowledge of the Self removes all sorrow. It encourages living in the world without attachment, much like the Bhagavad Gita’s concept of karma yoga.

Pearls of wisdom

 Gurajada Apparao, one of the greatest literary figures of Telugu literature, revolutionized the way people thought about patriotism and social reform. His famous line:

"దేశమంటే మట్టి కాదోయి! దేశమంటే మనుషులోయి!!"

(Desham ante matti kaadoyi! Desham ante manushuloyi!!)

translates to "A nation is not just land; a nation is its people!" This powerful statement shifts the focus from territorial boundaries to human welfare, emphasizing that the true essence of a country lies in its people and their well-being.

Gurajada Apparao’s Vision

Gurajada was not just a poet but a social reformer who strongly believed in the upliftment of society through progressive thought. His poetry and plays, especially Kanyasulkam, were aimed at eradicating deep-rooted social evils like dowry and caste discrimination.

More of His Great Quotes & Teachings

1. "సతీమతులకంటే సచ్చటిగాఉండే వేశ్యలే మేలు!"

(Satimathulakante sachatiga unde vesyale melu!)

→ "Better an honest courtesan than a hypocritical chaste woman!"

This bold statement from Kanyasulkam challenges the hypocrisy in society where women were oppressed under the guise of morality while being exploited.

2. "వందే మాతరం" – దేశభక్తికి ఓ ప్రేరణ

Gurajada was deeply inspired by nationalism and promoted the idea of Bharatiya Swatantra (Indian Independence). His contributions to the freedom movement included patriotic poetry and a call for self-respect among Indians.

3. "మనకు మేలయినదే దేశానికీ మేలు"

(Manaku melayina de desaniki melu)

→ "What is good for us is good for the country too."

He believed in individual responsibility toward society. If every person worked toward their own betterment with honesty and integrity, the country as a whole would flourish.

4. "ఆడపిల్ల చదవాలా? అబ్బాయిలతో సమానం కాకూడదా?"

(Adapilla chadavala? Abbayilatho samanam kaakudada?)

→ "Shouldn't girls be educated? Shouldn't they be equal to boys?"

He was a strong advocate for women’s education and gender equality, a theme that is strongly evident in his works.

Mutyala Saramulu – Pearls of Wisdom

Gurajada’s writings were filled with these Mutyala Saramulu (pearls of wisdom), which not only inspired people during his time but continue to remain relevant today. His words urged people to think, question, and reform society rather than blindly follow outdated customs.

Gurajada Apparao's "Mutyala Saralu" (Pearls of Wisdom) is a collection of thought-provoking, concise yet deeply meaningful verses that reflect his progressive ideals, social concerns, and humanistic philosophy. These aphorisms serve as timeless moral and intellectual guides, urging people to embrace rational thinking, social justice, and self-improvement. Here are some of the most impactful ones along with their meanings:

1. "అభిమానమంటే లోకోత్తమ నిశ్శంక స్వార్థం"

("Abhimanamante lokottama nisshanka swartham")

Meaning: True self-respect is a noble and fearless selflessness.

Gurajada redefined self-respect, emphasizing that it should come from selfless service and fearless pursuit of truth rather than ego and vanity.

2. "నన్ను బాగు చేసికొంటే లోకం బాగు"

("Nannu baguchesikonte lokam bagu")

Meaning: If I improve myself, the world will improve.

He highlights personal responsibility in social progress. Before blaming society, one must first correct themselves.

3. "పొరపాటు లేదు అనేవాడు మూర్ఖుడు"

("Porapatu ledu anevadu moorkhudu")

Meaning: One who claims to never make mistakes is a fool.

This is a sharp critique of arrogance and close-mindedness. Accepting mistakes and learning from them is key to growth.

4. "మగతనమంటే పొడుపు - పొగరుకాదు"

("Magatanamante podupu – pogaru kaadu")

Meaning: Manliness is about patience, not arrogance.

He challenges toxic masculinity, urging men to be wise and composed instead of aggressive and egotistical.

5. "సత్యం బ్రహ్మం – మౌనమే మోక్షం

("Satyam Brahmam – Mauname Moksham")

Meaning: Truth is divine; silence is liberation.

This highlights the importance of truth in spirituality and the power of silence in achieving inner peace.

6. "గొప్పతనమంటే జనసేవ – అధికారం కాదు"

("Goppatanamante janaseva – adhikaram kaadu")

Meaning: Greatness lies in serving people, not in authority.

Power is not a privilege but a responsibility. True leaders serve rather than dominate.

7. "అలవాటే మానవుని మహా శత్రువు"

("Alavate manavuni maha shatruvu")

Meaning: Habit is man’s greatest enemy.

This warns against blind adherence to traditions and urges people to evolve with time.

8. "సమాజాన్ని శుద్ధి చేయడం మహాపుణ్యం"

("Samajanni shuddhi cheyadam maha punyam")

Meaning: Purifying society is the greatest virtue.

Social reform is the highest form of righteousness. He encourages people to fight against corruption, inequality, and injustice.

9. "ఆడదానికి చదువు విలువ. కాని చదువుకున్న ఆడది విలువైనదా?"

("Adadaniki chaduvu viluva. Kani chadivukunna adadi viluvainada?")

Meaning: Education is valuable for a woman. But is an educated woman valued?

This sharp question critiques societal hypocrisy that encourages women’s education but refuses to give them equal respect and opportunities.

10. "నిన్నూ నన్నూ వాడేది సమాజం – సమాజాన్నీ వాడేదెవరు?"

("Ninnu nannu vadedi samajam – samajan-ni vadedevaru?")

Meaning: Society uses you and me. But who uses society?

A profound thought on power structures and how people should be mindful of those who manipulate society for personal gain.

Gurajada Apparao’s Mutyala Saramulu are not just poetic lines; they are a philosophy for life. They question blind traditions, promote rational thinking, and inspire people to work toward a better society. His words remain timeless, guiding generations toward justice, self-improvement, and progress.