The Upanishads have created, strengthened and preserved a great tradition of spirituality. No school of thought,no religious movement, of the subsequent period in the history f India has remained untouched by their influence. a glimpse into some of them will i hope give an interest to the reader a quest to know more.
1. Aitareya Upanishad.
Rig veda 4 chapters; 6 sections; 33 mantras.
This Upanishad gets its name from Mahidasa Aitareya, the son of Itara. The first part explains the Atman or Paramatman, the supreme Lord alone existed in the beginning. He desired to create the world and so he created it out of himself by himself and he also entered into that creation. The second part describes the birth the metamorphosis, the death and the rebirth of the jivatman in order to awaken the vairagya or detachment in our minds. only by realisation of which we become free from the shackles of samsara. The sage vamadeva succeeded in getting that wisdom in the womb of his mother and became free. the last section distinguishes mind from pure consciousness and declares that pure consciousness is Brahman and that vama deva realised that and became free.
2. Brhadaranyaka Upanishad. Sukla yajurveda, 6 chapters; 47 sections;435 mantras.
This is the biggest Upanishad quiet ancient. in prose it contains quotations from other older sources and is in verse.
Two chapters in the beginning describe the atman who is beyond the various Vedic deities. He is the innermost self of all near and dear the body functions only because of his presence. to realise him is the goal. and one has to give up worldly desires, take to the life of a monk or mendicant and practice meditation on his true nature and this realisation is same as realising brahman.
Next we see Yajnavalkya, the genius at his best, establishing the teachings of Vedanta vanquishing all opponents. in brief the life of a being here and hereafter is determined by the Karma he has done, good karma producing good results and bad ones getting bad results. Even ritualistic karmas, in spite of them being coupled with upasanas cannot give moksha or freedom. Only the realisation of the atman, who is really Brahman, who transcends the body mind complex, can give freedom from transmigration. to realise this the wise brahmanas give up or renounce their family, wealth, and the desire for heaven too and take to the life of a mendicant.
Yajnavalkya describes the Brahman pervaded in every thing the antaryami that he is and the inner controller of all. he mentions a long list of characteristics which seem contradictory and confusing but that is the part of trying to explain the indescribable. He establishes the true nature of atman and the three states of consciousness as the ever free blissful self. a number of upasanas are mentioned and the need to cultivate virtues like self control, compassion giving of gifts to the needy, the Panchgnividya some rituals connected with the birth of a son. and ending it with a long list of Vedic teachers hierarchy.
3. Chandogya Upanishad samaveda; 8 chapters, 154 sections, 628 mantras.
considered to be the oldest Upanishad, begins with the upasana on Om as udgitha, the part of the Sama veda sung by the priest. meditation on Om as the prana or life force. the person in the sun are dealt with. he then recommends the various upasanas on samanas. the four ashramas are also mentioned and one who is established in Brahman attains immortality. Maduvidya or meditation on the sun as madhu or honey since the sun gives joy to the gods. meditation on Brahman through the Gayatri mantra, the Sandilyavidya consists of meditating on the atman as the creator and sustainer of the universe, in one's own heart. how a human being can live long by considering one's life as a long Yajna. an example of Mahidasa aitareya is quoted.
also quoted is the king Janasruti Pautrayana and his attaining wisdom from the sage Raikva. Upasana on Vayu outside and prana inside as the power that absorbs everything into itself. The atman travelling by the Arciradimarga to Brahmaloka as a result of meditation on aksipurusa or the person in the eye. He then goes on to explain how the dead return to the world again. like one taught by Pravahana Jaivali to Gautama known as Panchgnavidya, Vaisvanaratman this taught by Asvapati to the five sages. next is the most interesting part finding his son even after his education in the Gurus house. his son Svetaketu was puffed with pride. Uddalaka questions him to answer that by knowing which every thing can be known. he does not of course get an answer from svetaketu so he starts teaching him himself. before creation the world was one with sath. this sath willed to become many. the world was thus created in stages this sathalso entered into the world as the jivathma. Aruni traces the true nature of the self through an analysis of the three states of consciousness. the final teaching is that svetaketu in hie essential nature is that sath itself. Next a long dialogue between Sanathkumara and his disciple Narada. since Narada had no peace of mind. sanathkumar takes him step by step through several modes of upasana finally to Brahaman. then ending with Daharavidya meditation on the self within the small akasha of the heart. major part however devoted to teaching of Prajapati to Indra the king of God about the atman. It concludes with the liberated soul attaining the world of Brahman.
4. Isavasya Upanishad Sukla Yajur 18 verses.
though it is the smallest. very many sages have commented on it. it deals with vidya and avidya, sambhuti and asambhuti are discussed in this though in an elusive way therfore being interpreted in several conflicting ways. it teaches the whole world is pervaded by god and that one has to perform karmas and ones duties and wish to live a full span of life of a hundred years. one has to realise this atman in himself and see the same in others as well. there is a beautiful description of Paramathma and a prayer for god vision at the time of ones death.
5. Jabala Upanishad. atharva veda, 6 chapters, 6 passages.
Also known as Talavakara Upanishad kena means by what? first half is in verse and the later part in prose. it says Atman in the body as the spirit behind the sense organs and the mind. though it cannot be known as an object since it is the subject, its presence is felt in and through every thought. when this real seer is realised, a person becomes immortal. then interestingly the gods in heaven are celebrating their victory over asuras forgetting that it was possible only through the grace of Brahman. Brahman appeared as a yaksha and after humiliating them taught them a lesson. Then the personification of Brahma Vidya Uma Haimavati comes on the screen and teaches Indra spiritual wisdom. tapas austerity, dama self control, and karma actions are the basic disciplines needed to attain knowledge of Brahman, concluding with an eulogy of this knowledge.
10. Mahanarayana Upanishad. Krsna Yajurveda 80 sections 259 mantras. also known as Narayana Upanishad or Yajnik Upanishad.
This upanishad seems to be a composition of many varied subjects. each section seems to be an independent unit dealing with a doctrine no major systematic representation is however available. but it deals with rituals knowledge and meditation. most vedic suktas that are chanted even today find a place here eg. Narayana sukta, Durga sukta and Medha Suktam. many prominent mantras are also available here. stress is laid on truth, austerity, sense control, gifting, mental peace and righteous living. a beautiful description of the cosmic person in the orb of the sun is also found here.
11. Mandukya Upanishad. Atharva veda 12 mantras. this prose work delves straight away into the philosophy of pranava, atman and Brahman. The atman inside the body whose existence and real nature are established through the analysis of the three states of consciousness jagrat, svapna and sushupti, and Brahman the cosmic truth are in the ultimate analysis one and the same called Turiya the fourth state. It is impossible to describe his nature since he is acintya beyond thought, and alakshana beyond characteristics, and he alone has to be known. it also holds a long commentary called Karika inverse attributed to Gaudapada is studied deeply by the students of Vedanta.
12. Mundaka Upanishad. Atharva veda 3 chapters, 6 sections, 64 mantras. The spiritual wisdom contained can shave off all the illusions and delusions of one who studies it hence Munda the name. in splendid poetry it is a joy to read this upanishad. It divides all knowledge into two groups, para and apara except the knowledge of the aksara the indestructible Brahman, all other knowledge including the vedas themselves are only apara vidya. a nice description of Akshara Brahman and the creation of the world is seen here. though vedic rituals were considered as necessary and sacred, this Upanishad points out their limitations and advises the serious aspirant after spiritual wisdom to eschew them like leaky rafters, take to a life of renunciation and approach a competent Guru for Brahmavidya. the method of meditation on Brahman with the help of Pranava is very well described with the simile of bow and arrow, which ends in the realisation of the atman brahman inside oneself, resulting in the destruction of all the knots of ignorance that binds one. the two birds perched on a tree is also an eg. here. Truth alone triumphs also belongs to this Upanishad. also this Atman can be realised only when taught by an enlightened preceptor and not by merely listening to discourses, however grace of the God plays an important part. it ends with both the types of liberation the gradual and instantaneous at the fall of one's body is found here.
13. Prasna Upanishad. Atharva veda 6 chapters 67 mantras. this is in the form of Questions and answers hence the name. six sages Kabandhi, Katyayana, Bhargava, Vaidarbhi and two others come to the great teacher Pippalada with questions. after they undergo the disciplines of student hood for one yer as per his command they approach him again with six questions the answers provided forms the main part of this Upanishad. the first what is the origin of all beings? Pippalada describes it is Prajapati lord of all beings through the combination of rayi soma or matter and prana agnior aditya, also the uttarayana and dakshinayana is mentioned. the second deals with Mukhyaprana the sole support of the body and the sense organs. the third says this mukhyaprana emerges out of the paramapurusha who works inside this body in five forms, the fourth section gives a description of deep sleep state of a being when the jiva is merged in Paramathma. the fifth delineates the method of meditation on the pranava and the results one can obtain from it. the sixth deals with the Sodasakalapurusha, the person with sixteen parts he is the jivathma, when these parts get destroyed he becomes immortal.
14. Svetasvatara Upanishad. krsna yajurveda 6 chapters 113 mantras.
this upanishad starts with the discussion of some sages on the jagatkarana or the ultimate cause of the world. and comes to the conclusion in the very first chapter itself. that the devathma sakti or Paramathma with his inherent power is the cause. this is discovered by dhyana yoga. then elegant phrases describe the jivathma and paramathma. then the steps to meditation control and concentration, right posture, regulation through breath control etc. rudradhyaya and Purusha sukta are found here. those who realize the Brahman will attain immortality. the emergence of Hiranyagarbha from parameshwara the supreme Lord, the atman can be known from the secret parts of the vedas. then the paramathma's greatness. It ends with the teachings of such Upanishads are revealed only to those who have devotion not only to Parameshwara but also to the Guru or spiritual leader.
15. Taittiriya Upanishad. Krsna yajurveda 3 chapters 31 mantras.
three chapters are Siksavalli, Brahmanandavalli and Bhrguvalli. starting with the science of siksha or Phonetics, meditation on jyothis or light, few homas are discussed meant for persons desirous of wealth and intelligence. Meditation of Brahman within oneself.and concludes with the parting instruction of the teacher to the student who is about to leave the institution. then the five kosas covering the atman. ending with tapas or austerity as means of realising Brahman. some upasanas are also described here. how one should treat a guest is also vividly described here. one who transcends attains eternal joy.
16. Vajrasucika Upanishad. samaveda 9 mantras. except for the first mantra the work is in prose. it asks first who is a Brahmana? and answers it the body, the individual soul, birth, knowledge, work, religious duties, none of these makes one a Brahmana. It is character that makes a person a real Brahmana. one without a second is a real brahmana. Peace of mind absence of desire, jealously and delusion as also egoism are his characteristics. The work ends with the exhortation to one and all to become true Brahman by realising Brahman.
1. Aitareya Upanishad.
Rig veda 4 chapters; 6 sections; 33 mantras.
This Upanishad gets its name from Mahidasa Aitareya, the son of Itara. The first part explains the Atman or Paramatman, the supreme Lord alone existed in the beginning. He desired to create the world and so he created it out of himself by himself and he also entered into that creation. The second part describes the birth the metamorphosis, the death and the rebirth of the jivatman in order to awaken the vairagya or detachment in our minds. only by realisation of which we become free from the shackles of samsara. The sage vamadeva succeeded in getting that wisdom in the womb of his mother and became free. the last section distinguishes mind from pure consciousness and declares that pure consciousness is Brahman and that vama deva realised that and became free.
2. Brhadaranyaka Upanishad. Sukla yajurveda, 6 chapters; 47 sections;435 mantras.
This is the biggest Upanishad quiet ancient. in prose it contains quotations from other older sources and is in verse.
Two chapters in the beginning describe the atman who is beyond the various Vedic deities. He is the innermost self of all near and dear the body functions only because of his presence. to realise him is the goal. and one has to give up worldly desires, take to the life of a monk or mendicant and practice meditation on his true nature and this realisation is same as realising brahman.
Next we see Yajnavalkya, the genius at his best, establishing the teachings of Vedanta vanquishing all opponents. in brief the life of a being here and hereafter is determined by the Karma he has done, good karma producing good results and bad ones getting bad results. Even ritualistic karmas, in spite of them being coupled with upasanas cannot give moksha or freedom. Only the realisation of the atman, who is really Brahman, who transcends the body mind complex, can give freedom from transmigration. to realise this the wise brahmanas give up or renounce their family, wealth, and the desire for heaven too and take to the life of a mendicant.
Yajnavalkya describes the Brahman pervaded in every thing the antaryami that he is and the inner controller of all. he mentions a long list of characteristics which seem contradictory and confusing but that is the part of trying to explain the indescribable. He establishes the true nature of atman and the three states of consciousness as the ever free blissful self. a number of upasanas are mentioned and the need to cultivate virtues like self control, compassion giving of gifts to the needy, the Panchgnividya some rituals connected with the birth of a son. and ending it with a long list of Vedic teachers hierarchy.
3. Chandogya Upanishad samaveda; 8 chapters, 154 sections, 628 mantras.
considered to be the oldest Upanishad, begins with the upasana on Om as udgitha, the part of the Sama veda sung by the priest. meditation on Om as the prana or life force. the person in the sun are dealt with. he then recommends the various upasanas on samanas. the four ashramas are also mentioned and one who is established in Brahman attains immortality. Maduvidya or meditation on the sun as madhu or honey since the sun gives joy to the gods. meditation on Brahman through the Gayatri mantra, the Sandilyavidya consists of meditating on the atman as the creator and sustainer of the universe, in one's own heart. how a human being can live long by considering one's life as a long Yajna. an example of Mahidasa aitareya is quoted.
also quoted is the king Janasruti Pautrayana and his attaining wisdom from the sage Raikva. Upasana on Vayu outside and prana inside as the power that absorbs everything into itself. The atman travelling by the Arciradimarga to Brahmaloka as a result of meditation on aksipurusa or the person in the eye. He then goes on to explain how the dead return to the world again. like one taught by Pravahana Jaivali to Gautama known as Panchgnavidya, Vaisvanaratman this taught by Asvapati to the five sages. next is the most interesting part finding his son even after his education in the Gurus house. his son Svetaketu was puffed with pride. Uddalaka questions him to answer that by knowing which every thing can be known. he does not of course get an answer from svetaketu so he starts teaching him himself. before creation the world was one with sath. this sath willed to become many. the world was thus created in stages this sathalso entered into the world as the jivathma. Aruni traces the true nature of the self through an analysis of the three states of consciousness. the final teaching is that svetaketu in hie essential nature is that sath itself. Next a long dialogue between Sanathkumara and his disciple Narada. since Narada had no peace of mind. sanathkumar takes him step by step through several modes of upasana finally to Brahaman. then ending with Daharavidya meditation on the self within the small akasha of the heart. major part however devoted to teaching of Prajapati to Indra the king of God about the atman. It concludes with the liberated soul attaining the world of Brahman.
4. Isavasya Upanishad Sukla Yajur 18 verses.
though it is the smallest. very many sages have commented on it. it deals with vidya and avidya, sambhuti and asambhuti are discussed in this though in an elusive way therfore being interpreted in several conflicting ways. it teaches the whole world is pervaded by god and that one has to perform karmas and ones duties and wish to live a full span of life of a hundred years. one has to realise this atman in himself and see the same in others as well. there is a beautiful description of Paramathma and a prayer for god vision at the time of ones death.
5. Jabala Upanishad. atharva veda, 6 chapters, 6 passages.
In prose there is a description of Varanasi, and upasana on the space between the eyebrows. the japa of Satarudriya also finds place in it. a discourse on sanyasa, monkhood by Yajnavalkya to a question by king Janaka. it includes some details of procedures and concludes with a beautiful description of the way and life of some great men of realisation like Samvartaka, Aruni, Rbhu, Jada bharata, Dattatreya etc.
6. Kaivalya Upanishad Krsna yajurveda 2 chapters 24 mantras.
this is in the form of dialogue between sage Asvalayana and the creator Brahman. It stresses the importance of Tyaga or renunciation in the path of knowing Brahman. meditation sitting in clean and secluded place and concentrating the mind and this being compared to creating a fire which forms by rubbing two arani woods usually used to create fire for vedic sacrifices. description of Brahman and realisation towards the end by the aspirant.
7. Katha Upanishad. Krsna Yajurveda ,6 chapters 116 mantras.
this upanishad is like a story book. Sage Vajassravas performs sacrifice. his son Naciketas seeing his father offering famished and useless cows in the gifting is moved and tries to draw his fathers attention to this when he is cursed i give you to death. Naciketas going to yamas abode waiting on him Yama being pleased with him granting him three boons the last of which is atma jnanam and learning the spiritual wisdom from Yama himself. Preyas and shreyas are discussed next. Yama describes atman as a chariot then jiva reaches the abode of Vishnu if the body and senses are in good condition. Yama also declares the destiny after death, the karmas done in life will give results. he compares life to an inverted tree Brahma being the root that sustains it. if this is taught by a competent teacher and through the quest of desire one can and will know brahman. Jivatma is compared to a person the size of a thumb that exit through the crown of the head. two birds perching on a tree etc.
8. Kausitaki Upanishad. Rigveda, 4 chapters, 51 mantras.
This is a long upanishad and entirely in prose. dealing with Devayana and pitryana. detailed description of the journey to the world of Brahman by the Arciradimarga also known as Devayana and thence after a detailed description of Brahma loka. Pranavidya is detailed next as upasana of Prana as Brahman. rites regarding the highest wealth called Ekadhana is also detailed. then Indra Avises Pratardana to meditate on Prana identified with consciousness. ending with a dialogue between Ajatasatru and Gargya Balaki.
9. Kena Upanishad Samaveda 4 chapters 35 mantras.6. Kaivalya Upanishad Krsna yajurveda 2 chapters 24 mantras.
this is in the form of dialogue between sage Asvalayana and the creator Brahman. It stresses the importance of Tyaga or renunciation in the path of knowing Brahman. meditation sitting in clean and secluded place and concentrating the mind and this being compared to creating a fire which forms by rubbing two arani woods usually used to create fire for vedic sacrifices. description of Brahman and realisation towards the end by the aspirant.
7. Katha Upanishad. Krsna Yajurveda ,6 chapters 116 mantras.
this upanishad is like a story book. Sage Vajassravas performs sacrifice. his son Naciketas seeing his father offering famished and useless cows in the gifting is moved and tries to draw his fathers attention to this when he is cursed i give you to death. Naciketas going to yamas abode waiting on him Yama being pleased with him granting him three boons the last of which is atma jnanam and learning the spiritual wisdom from Yama himself. Preyas and shreyas are discussed next. Yama describes atman as a chariot then jiva reaches the abode of Vishnu if the body and senses are in good condition. Yama also declares the destiny after death, the karmas done in life will give results. he compares life to an inverted tree Brahma being the root that sustains it. if this is taught by a competent teacher and through the quest of desire one can and will know brahman. Jivatma is compared to a person the size of a thumb that exit through the crown of the head. two birds perching on a tree etc.
8. Kausitaki Upanishad. Rigveda, 4 chapters, 51 mantras.
This is a long upanishad and entirely in prose. dealing with Devayana and pitryana. detailed description of the journey to the world of Brahman by the Arciradimarga also known as Devayana and thence after a detailed description of Brahma loka. Pranavidya is detailed next as upasana of Prana as Brahman. rites regarding the highest wealth called Ekadhana is also detailed. then Indra Avises Pratardana to meditate on Prana identified with consciousness. ending with a dialogue between Ajatasatru and Gargya Balaki.
Also known as Talavakara Upanishad kena means by what? first half is in verse and the later part in prose. it says Atman in the body as the spirit behind the sense organs and the mind. though it cannot be known as an object since it is the subject, its presence is felt in and through every thought. when this real seer is realised, a person becomes immortal. then interestingly the gods in heaven are celebrating their victory over asuras forgetting that it was possible only through the grace of Brahman. Brahman appeared as a yaksha and after humiliating them taught them a lesson. Then the personification of Brahma Vidya Uma Haimavati comes on the screen and teaches Indra spiritual wisdom. tapas austerity, dama self control, and karma actions are the basic disciplines needed to attain knowledge of Brahman, concluding with an eulogy of this knowledge.
10. Mahanarayana Upanishad. Krsna Yajurveda 80 sections 259 mantras. also known as Narayana Upanishad or Yajnik Upanishad.
This upanishad seems to be a composition of many varied subjects. each section seems to be an independent unit dealing with a doctrine no major systematic representation is however available. but it deals with rituals knowledge and meditation. most vedic suktas that are chanted even today find a place here eg. Narayana sukta, Durga sukta and Medha Suktam. many prominent mantras are also available here. stress is laid on truth, austerity, sense control, gifting, mental peace and righteous living. a beautiful description of the cosmic person in the orb of the sun is also found here.
11. Mandukya Upanishad. Atharva veda 12 mantras. this prose work delves straight away into the philosophy of pranava, atman and Brahman. The atman inside the body whose existence and real nature are established through the analysis of the three states of consciousness jagrat, svapna and sushupti, and Brahman the cosmic truth are in the ultimate analysis one and the same called Turiya the fourth state. It is impossible to describe his nature since he is acintya beyond thought, and alakshana beyond characteristics, and he alone has to be known. it also holds a long commentary called Karika inverse attributed to Gaudapada is studied deeply by the students of Vedanta.
12. Mundaka Upanishad. Atharva veda 3 chapters, 6 sections, 64 mantras. The spiritual wisdom contained can shave off all the illusions and delusions of one who studies it hence Munda the name. in splendid poetry it is a joy to read this upanishad. It divides all knowledge into two groups, para and apara except the knowledge of the aksara the indestructible Brahman, all other knowledge including the vedas themselves are only apara vidya. a nice description of Akshara Brahman and the creation of the world is seen here. though vedic rituals were considered as necessary and sacred, this Upanishad points out their limitations and advises the serious aspirant after spiritual wisdom to eschew them like leaky rafters, take to a life of renunciation and approach a competent Guru for Brahmavidya. the method of meditation on Brahman with the help of Pranava is very well described with the simile of bow and arrow, which ends in the realisation of the atman brahman inside oneself, resulting in the destruction of all the knots of ignorance that binds one. the two birds perched on a tree is also an eg. here. Truth alone triumphs also belongs to this Upanishad. also this Atman can be realised only when taught by an enlightened preceptor and not by merely listening to discourses, however grace of the God plays an important part. it ends with both the types of liberation the gradual and instantaneous at the fall of one's body is found here.
13. Prasna Upanishad. Atharva veda 6 chapters 67 mantras. this is in the form of Questions and answers hence the name. six sages Kabandhi, Katyayana, Bhargava, Vaidarbhi and two others come to the great teacher Pippalada with questions. after they undergo the disciplines of student hood for one yer as per his command they approach him again with six questions the answers provided forms the main part of this Upanishad. the first what is the origin of all beings? Pippalada describes it is Prajapati lord of all beings through the combination of rayi soma or matter and prana agnior aditya, also the uttarayana and dakshinayana is mentioned. the second deals with Mukhyaprana the sole support of the body and the sense organs. the third says this mukhyaprana emerges out of the paramapurusha who works inside this body in five forms, the fourth section gives a description of deep sleep state of a being when the jiva is merged in Paramathma. the fifth delineates the method of meditation on the pranava and the results one can obtain from it. the sixth deals with the Sodasakalapurusha, the person with sixteen parts he is the jivathma, when these parts get destroyed he becomes immortal.
14. Svetasvatara Upanishad. krsna yajurveda 6 chapters 113 mantras.
this upanishad starts with the discussion of some sages on the jagatkarana or the ultimate cause of the world. and comes to the conclusion in the very first chapter itself. that the devathma sakti or Paramathma with his inherent power is the cause. this is discovered by dhyana yoga. then elegant phrases describe the jivathma and paramathma. then the steps to meditation control and concentration, right posture, regulation through breath control etc. rudradhyaya and Purusha sukta are found here. those who realize the Brahman will attain immortality. the emergence of Hiranyagarbha from parameshwara the supreme Lord, the atman can be known from the secret parts of the vedas. then the paramathma's greatness. It ends with the teachings of such Upanishads are revealed only to those who have devotion not only to Parameshwara but also to the Guru or spiritual leader.
15. Taittiriya Upanishad. Krsna yajurveda 3 chapters 31 mantras.
three chapters are Siksavalli, Brahmanandavalli and Bhrguvalli. starting with the science of siksha or Phonetics, meditation on jyothis or light, few homas are discussed meant for persons desirous of wealth and intelligence. Meditation of Brahman within oneself.and concludes with the parting instruction of the teacher to the student who is about to leave the institution. then the five kosas covering the atman. ending with tapas or austerity as means of realising Brahman. some upasanas are also described here. how one should treat a guest is also vividly described here. one who transcends attains eternal joy.
16. Vajrasucika Upanishad. samaveda 9 mantras. except for the first mantra the work is in prose. it asks first who is a Brahmana? and answers it the body, the individual soul, birth, knowledge, work, religious duties, none of these makes one a Brahmana. It is character that makes a person a real Brahmana. one without a second is a real brahmana. Peace of mind absence of desire, jealously and delusion as also egoism are his characteristics. The work ends with the exhortation to one and all to become true Brahman by realising Brahman.
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