Time computing.

 Scriptures contain valuable information and guidance essential for our daily lives. In a discourse, Uzhapakkam Sri Devanathachariar Swamy narrated the traditional way of computing time, quoting from Sri Vishnu Purana.

The duration taken for winking once is called “Nimesha”. Fifteen nimeshas are called one “Kashta”. Thirty kashtas constitute one “Kala.” Thirty kalas are known as one “Nazhigai” — equivalent to 24 minutes. (Some texts call it a Muhurtha). One day consists of 60 Nazhigais, equally halved for daytime and night. One Nazhigai just before dawn is known as “Sandhya Kalam”. A fortnight is called “Paksha”. A month consists of two pakshas — (Krishna and Sukla). Three ruthus of two months each are called “Ayanam” and two ayanams form a year — (Utharayanam and Dakshinayanam).

People follow four types of almanacs. The time unit taking the rotation of the Moon as the base is called “Chaandramaanam.” From one Amavasya to the next, it is called one month. The time unit taking the rotation of the Sun as the base is called “Souramanam”. In this, a month is calculated by the Sun’s movement in the 12 zodiac signs (Raasi.) Savana is the third, in which precisely 30 days are taken as a month, and the last one is called Nakshatra Masa, in which 27 days constitute a month.

The first day of the Tamil months, Chitirai and Aippasi, are known as ”Vishuvam.” It is the most auspicious day, and giving charity on this day will bring all good. The person who gives charity on this day is recognised as having done his duty in life (Krutha Kruthyan).

9 at work.

Ramanujacharya, one of the most prominent philosophers and theologians of India, lived during the 11th and 12th centuries CE. He is the most celebrated proponent of Vishishtadvaita (Qualified Non-dualism), a school of Vedanta philosophy. Ramanuja’s philosophy is centered around the concept of devotion (Bhakti) to Lord Vishnu, the supreme being, and his works laid the foundation for the Sri Vaishnavism tradition. Ramanuja wrote several important philosophical and theological texts, the most significant being his commentaries on the foundational scriptures of Vedanta. Below is a list of his major works and their content: 1. Sri Bhashya Content: The Sri Bhashya is Ramanuja’s detailed commentary on Badarayana’s Brahma Sutras, which is one of the three foundational texts of Vedanta, along with the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita. Philosophy: Ramanuja uses this commentary to present the principles of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta and to counter the Advaita Vedanta (Non-dualism) of Adi Shankaracharya. In this work, Ramanuja argues that the Supreme Reality, Brahman (Vishnu), is qualified by attributes (qualities, forms, and powers). Brahman is both the material and efficient cause of the universe. According to Ramanuja, the individual soul (Jiva) and the world (Prakriti) are real but dependent on Brahman, and they possess a distinct, albeit inseparable, existence from Brahman. Importance: This work is the most authoritative text for the Vishishtadvaita school and refutes various interpretations of earlier Vedantic commentators, especially Advaita. 2. Vedartha Sangraha Content: The Vedartha Sangraha is a compendium in which Ramanuja provides an overview of the teachings of the Upanishads. He reconciles various passages from the Upanishads, which at first glance might appear contradictory, to fit within the framework of Vishishtadvaita. Philosophy: In this work, Ramanuja presents the doctrine of qualified non-dualism by emphasizing that Brahman, or the Supreme Being (Narayana), is both immanent and transcendent. Brahman manifests in the world through his various attributes, and the soul, while distinct, remains inseparably linked to Brahman. Importance: It serves as an introduction to Ramanuja’s philosophical system, providing clarity on how the Upanishadic texts speak of Brahman and the relationship between the soul and Brahman. 3. Gita Bhashya Content: The Gita Bhashya is Ramanuja’s commentary on the Bhagavad Gita. Here, Ramanuja interprets the Gita in the light of Vishishtadvaita philosophy. Philosophy: Ramanuja focuses on the path of Bhakti (devotion) and Saranagati (self-surrender) as central to attaining liberation (moksha). He emphasizes that it is through devotion to Lord Krishna (Vishnu), with love and surrender, that the individual soul can attain liberation. He also reconciles the paths of karma (action), jnana (knowledge), and bhakti (devotion) by showing that they all ultimately lead to bhakti as the highest goal. Importance: Ramanuja's commentary on the Bhagavad Gita laid the foundation for the emphasis on devotion in the Sri Vaishnavite tradition. 4. Vedanta Dipa Content: The Vedanta Dipa is a more concise commentary on the Brahma Sutras compared to the Sri Bhashya. It serves as a summary of Ramanuja’s interpretation of the Brahma Sutras. Philosophy: It echoes the teachings of the Sri Bhashya but in a simpler and more accessible manner. It is intended for those who want to grasp the essentials of Ramanuja’s Vishishtadvaita philosophy without going into the details provided in Sri Bhashya. Importance: This work serves as an introductory text for those unfamiliar with Vedanta or those who may find the Sri Bhashya too dense and complex. 5. Vedanta Sara Content: Similar to Vedanta Dipa, Vedanta Sara is another concise summary of the Brahma Sutras. Philosophy: Like the Vedanta Dipa, this work presents the essential teachings of Ramanuja’s commentary on the Brahma Sutras, simplifying the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita for a broader audience. Importance: It is a simplified explanation of Ramanuja’s interpretation of the Brahma Sutras and is used as a primer for students of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. 6. Nitya Grantha Content: The Nitya Grantha is a manual for daily rituals and prayers for Vaishnavas. It provides detailed instructions on how a devotee should conduct their daily worship, including rituals, meditations, and the chanting of mantras. Philosophy: This work reflects Ramanuja’s emphasis on Bhakti (devotion) and Prapatti (self-surrender) to Vishnu. It contains prayers and hymns used by devotees to maintain a constant focus on God and cultivate devotion. Importance: It is an important text for followers of Sri Vaishnavism, particularly in guiding the daily spiritual practice of devotees. 7. Saranagati Gadyam Content: The Saranagati Gadyam is a prose composition in which Ramanuja expresses his complete surrender to Lord Narayana (Vishnu). It is considered a masterpiece of devotional literature. Philosophy: In this work, Ramanuja prays for the grace of Vishnu and declares his utter dependence on the Lord for salvation. The central theme of this work is Saranagati (total surrender) as the ultimate means of liberation. Importance: This text is highly revered in the Sri Vaishnava tradition and is recited during important festivals and occasions. 8. Vaikuntha Gadyam Content: The Vaikuntha Gadyam is another prose work that describes Ramanuja’s vision of Vaikuntha, the abode of Lord Vishnu. Philosophy: It provides a detailed description of the spiritual world (Vaikuntha) and the nature of Vishnu in his supreme form, accompanied by his consort Lakshmi and his various divine attributes. Importance: It is a celebrated text within the Sri Vaishnava tradition, offering a beautiful vision of the eternal world that devotees aspire to reach through their devotion and surrender. 9. SriRanga Gadyam Sriranga Gadyam is a devotional prose work composed by Ramanujacharya, dedicated to Lord Ranganatha (a form of Lord Vishnu) residing in the temple of Srirangam. It is one of the three "Gadyas" written by Ramanuja, the others being Saranagati Gadyam and Vaikuntha Gadyam. Together, these works are considered important expressions of Ramanuja’s devotion and surrender to Lord Vishnu. Structure and Theme of Sriranga Gadyam: The Sriranga Gadyam is written in the form of prose, which is unusual for a devotional text, as most Indian devotional compositions are in verse form.The Gadyam is essentially a long prayer in which Ramanuja surrenders himself to Lord Ranganatha and prays for His grace and protection.It is characterized by its emotional intensity, with Ramanuja expressing his deep devotion and humility before the Lord. Main Themes of Sriranga Gadyam: Complete Surrender (Prapatti): The core theme of the Sriranga Gadyam is the doctrine of Prapatti or self-surrender to Lord Vishnu. Ramanuja expresses his absolute dependence on the Lord for salvation (moksha) and requests His unconditional grace.Prapatti is a key tenet in Sri Vaishnavism, where a devotee surrenders entirely to Vishnu, accepting Him as the ultimate refuge. Praise of Lord Ranganatha: Ramanuja glorifies Lord Ranganatha, the presiding deity of the famous Srirangam temple, describing His supreme attributes, such as infinite mercy, omnipotence, omniscience, and compassion.He also praises Ranganatha’s consort, Goddess Lakshmi, acknowledging her role as the divine mother who intercedes on behalf of devotees and grants them the Lord’s grace. Confession of Human Weakness: Ramanuja, in this prayer, acknowledges his own limitations, shortcomings, and the burden of karma (past actions). He confesses his unworthiness and the inability to attain salvation on his own and seeks the Lord’s mercy to overcome these obstacles.The confession of sins and weaknesses reflects the humility of the devotee and the recognition that only God can grant liberation. Expression of Devotion and Love:The text is filled with expressions of deep devotion (bhakti) and love (prema) for Lord Ranganatha. Ramanuja describes his desire to remain forever in the Lord’s service, experiencing His divine presence and basking in His grace.Ramanuja’s love for the Lord is portrayed as selfless, with no material or worldly desires, aiming solely at eternal service to the divine. Request for Salvation:Ramanuja prays for moksha (liberation), asking Lord Ranganatha to allow him to eternally serve Him in Vaikuntha, the Lord’s supreme abode. He requests that, after death, he may be freed from the cycle of rebirth and granted eternal residence at the Lord’s feet.The prayer for moksha is an important aspect of Vaishnavism, where the ultimate goal is to attain eternal bliss in the divine presence of Vishnu. Devotion to Ranganatha as the Ultimate Path:Ramanuja stresses that devotion to Lord Ranganatha is the only means to salvation, and any other paths (like mere knowledge or rituals) are insufficient without the grace of the Lord.The Gadyam reflects the Vishishtadvaita philosophy, which asserts that individual souls are dependent on the Supreme Being (Vishnu), and salvation comes through loving devotion and self-surrender. Significance of the Sriranga Gadyam: Srirangam Temple holds a special place in Ramanuja’s life and the Sri Vaishnavite tradition, and this work is an expression of his deep personal connection with the deity. The emotional fervor and devotional intensity of the Sriranga Gadyam serve as an inspiration for Sri Vaishnava devotees, who see it as a model of how to approach God with humility and love. It reinforces the core principles of Sri Vaishnavism, emphasizing the importance of divine grace, the role of devotion, and the concept of prapatti for attaining liberation. Conclusion:The Sriranga Gadyam is one of the finest examples of Ramanuja's devotional outpouring, where his love for Lord Ranganatha and his complete surrender to the Lord's will are expressed in a moving and profound manner. For devotees of Sri Vaishnavism, it remains a central prayer, highlighting the essence of their spiritual journey: total surrender to the divine and unwavering devotion to Vishnu. Summary of Ramanujacharya's Contributions Ramanuja’s works are focused on expounding Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, a philosophical system that emphasizes devotion to a personal God, Vishnu, as the path to liberation. He upholds the reality of both the individual soul and the universe while asserting that both are completely dependent on and exist within Brahman. His works stress the importance of bhakti (devotion) and prapatti (surrender) to God for attaining moksha. Ramanuja’s teachings formed the theological basis of Sri Vaishnavism, and his commentaries on the Brahma Sutras, Bhagavad Gita, and Upanishads played a pivotal role in shaping the tradition. Through his emphasis on devotion, love, and self-surrender, he provided a more accessible path for common people to pursue spiritual liberation.

Rama gita

Rama Gita, also known as the Song of Rama, is a spiritual discourse found in the Adhyatma Ramayana, a section of the Brahmanda Purana. It is presented as a dialogue between Lord Rama and his devoted brother Lakshmana. The discourse is centered on the teachings of Vedanta and focuses on self-realization, the nature of the Supreme Self, and the path to liberation (moksha). The Rama Gita occurs during a peaceful interlude in the Ramayana epic, specifically after Lord Rama's return to Ayodhya following his victorious battle against Ravana. Lakshmana, always eager to understand the deeper aspects of spirituality, asks Lord Rama to expound on the nature of the Supreme Self (Atman) and the way to attain liberation. Main themes and philosophy Non-dualism (Advaita Vedanta): The teachings of the Rama Gita align closely with the Advaita Vedanta philosophy, which emphasizes the non-duality of the individual soul (Jivatma) and the Supreme Soul (Paramatma). Lord Rama explains that all beings are, in essence, manifestations of the one Supreme Consciousness. Nature of the Self (Atman): Lord Rama explains that the Atman (Self) is eternal, formless, and indestructible. It is beyond birth and death, unchanging, and pure consciousness. The identification with the body, mind, and ego leads to ignorance (Avidya), which veils the true nature of the Self. Ignorance and Bondage: The cause of human suffering and bondage, according to Rama Gita, is ignorance. When one identifies with the body and ego (the limited self), they become trapped in the cycle of birth and death (samsara). This ignorance prevents individuals from realizing their true nature as the eternal, infinite Self. Knowledge and Liberation: The path to liberation is through knowledge (Jnana). Rama emphasizes that self-realization is the key to breaking the cycle of birth and death. Once the seeker realizes the oneness of the individual soul with the Supreme, they attain moksha (liberation) and are freed from the illusions of the material world. Role of Devotion and Detachment: Though the focus is on knowledge, Rama also speaks about the importance of devotion (Bhakti) and detachment (Vairagya). Bhakti towards the Supreme helps purify the mind, making it fit for the reception of higher knowledge. Detachment from worldly desires and attachment to the eternal truth are essential for spiritual progress. The Witness Consciousness: Rama teaches that the individual should remain as the "witness" to all actions, feelings, and thoughts. The Atman is the eternal witness, untouched by the activities of the body and mind. Recognizing oneself as this witness leads to inner peace and liberation. 3. Key Teachings of Rama GitaAtman as Eternal and Unchanging: The Self is described as changeless, eternal, and beyond the dualities of the material world. Just as gold remains gold despite being molded into different shapes, the Self remains pure despite the body's changes.Overcoming Avidya (Ignorance): To realize the Self, one must overcome ignorance through discrimination (Viveka) between the real (the Self) and the unreal (the body and the world). Knowledge of the Self leads to liberation.Detachment and Dispassion: Rama emphasizes the importance of cultivating dispassion toward material desires. By developing an attitude of detachment, one can remain unaffected by the changing circumstances of life.Bhakti and Surrender: While knowledge is the primary path to self-realization, Bhakti or devotion to the Supreme is also highlighted. True devotion, combined with wisdom, leads to the ultimate realization of unity with the divine. 4. Practical Aspects of the TeachingsThe Rama Gita is not just a philosophical discourse but also a guide for spiritual practice. It advises seekers to:Cultivate Vairagya (dispassion): Detachment from the world helps to focus the mind on the Self.Practice Viveka (discrimination): One should constantly distinguish between the eternal and the transient, understanding the illusory nature of the world.Develop Bhakti (devotion): Devotion to the Lord helps to purify the mind and heart, which are prerequisites for self-knowledge.Meditate on the Atman: Regular meditation on the Atman helps one transcend the limitations of the body and mind, leading to direct experience of the Self. 5. ConclusionIn essence, the Rama Gita is a condensed spiritual guide that aligns with the core principles of Vedanta. It teaches that the ultimate goal of life is to realize one's true nature as the infinite, eternal Self (Atman) and to understand the oneness of all existence. The message of the Rama Gita is timeless and continues to inspire spiritual seekers on the path of self-realization and liberation.This discourse of Lord Rama to Lakshmana can be compared to other Gitas like the Bhagavad Gita, which also imparts similar wisdom, though the Bhagavad Gita places greater emphasis on karma (action) alongside knowledge and devotion.

Outline

Śrībhāṣyam, composed by Sri Ramanujacharya, is one of the most significant texts of Vedanta philosophy. It is a detailed commentary on the Brahma Sutras, also known as the Vedanta Sutras, written by Sage Vyasa. This work presents the doctrine of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta (qualified non-dualism), Ramanuja's philosophy, in a systematic way. The Śrībhāṣyam playsplays a key role in interpreting the Upanishads, which are part of the Vedic texts, and in refuting the Advaita Vedanta philosophy, which was made prominent by Adi Shankaracharya. Below is an elaborate explanation of the contents, structure, and key arguments of Śrībhāṣyam. Philosophical Context:Before Śrībhāṣyam, Adi Shankaracharya’s Advaita Vedanta had established itself as a dominant interpretation of the Brahma Sutras. Advaita proposes that the ultimate reality, Brahman, is formless, without attributes (nirguna), and that the world and individuality are illusions (maya). Liberation is achieved by realizing the oneness of the individual soul (Atman) and Brahman. In contrast, Ramanuja’s Vishishtadvaita posits a qualified non-dualism, arguing that Brahman has attributes (saguna) and that the universe and individual souls are real but dependent on Brahman. This forms the basis for his critique of Advaita and his interpretation of Vedanta in Śrībhāṣyam. Structure of Śrībhāṣyam: Śrībhāṣyam is divided into four chapters, corresponding to the structure of the Brahma Sutras. Each chapter, called an adhyaya, is further divided into padas (sections), and each section discusses a specific aspect of Vedanta through sutras (aphorisms). The chapters cover the following topics: Samanvaya Adhyaya (Chapter on Coherence or Harmony): This chapter establishes that the Brahma Sutras aim to describe Brahman as the ultimate reality. It argues that the Upanishads consistently describe Brahman as having attributes (saguna), refuting the Advaita idea of a formless, attribute-less Brahman. Ramanuja asserts that the Brahman is Narayana (Vishnu) and that the Upanishads support this view. Avirodha Adhyaya (Chapter on Non-Contradiction): This chapter addresses potential contradictions between various scriptural texts. Ramanuja demonstrates that, properly understood, the different Upanishads and Vedic texts align with Vishishtadvaita. He defends the idea that Brahman possesses qualities, refuting the notion that attributing qualities to Brahman creates contradictions. Sadhana Adhyaya (Chapter on Means): This chapter focuses on the paths to attain liberation. Ramanuja emphasizes bhakti (devotion) and prapatti (total surrender) as the primary means of realizing Brahman. In contrast to the Advaitic idea that jnana (knowledge) is the sole path to liberation, Ramanuja insists that knowledge of Brahman must be accompanied by devotion and God's grace. Phala Adhyaya (Chapter on the Result): This chapter discusses the nature of liberation (moksha) and the state of the liberated soul. Ramanuja argues that in liberation, the soul does not merge with Brahman and lose its individuality, as in Advaita, but instead retains its distinct identity while enjoying eternal communion with Brahman (Vishnu) in the divine abode, Vaikuntha. Key Doctrines 1.Brahman: Ramanuja asserts that Brahman is the personal deity Narayana or Vishnu, who possesses both nirguna (transcendental) and saguna (immanent) attributes. He refutes the Advaitic interpretation that Brahman is formless and without qualities. For Ramanuja, Brahman is both the efficient and material cause of the universe. Saguna Brahman: Brahman possesses qualities such as compassion, knowledge, omnipotence, and goodness. Relation with the Universe: Brahman is not separate from the universe; rather, the universe is a manifestation of Brahman’s body (the doctrine of Sarira-Sariri relationship). Everything in creation is a mode or expression of Brahman. 2.Jiva (Soul):Ramanuja refutes the Advaita view that the soul is ultimately identical with Brahman. In his view, the jiva (individual soul) is distinct from Brahman but inseparably related to it. The soul is a mode or attribute of Brahman, dependent on it for its existence.Jivas as eternal: The jivas are eternal and have their individual identity, which persists even after liberation. Three types of jivas: Ramanuja classifies souls into three categories: Nityas: Ever-liberated souls, like the denizens of Vaikuntha (eternal abode of Vishnu). Muktas: Souls that attain liberation through devotion and surrender. Baddhas: Souls bound by samsara (the cycle of birth and death) 3. Jagat (World):Contrary to Advaita, which considers the world an illusion, Ramanuja asserts that the world is real and is an expression of Brahman’s body. The world is pervaded and controlled by Brahman. The creation of the world is a divine play (lila) of Brahman, and it serves as the field for the soul’s evolution towards liberation. 4. Bhakti and Prapatti:Ramanuja’s Śrībhāṣyam emphasizes bhakti (devotion) as the central practice for liberation. Through bhakti, one realizes the true nature of Brahman and surrenders to God.Prapatti (surrender) is also crucial, where the soul submits itself entirely to God’s will. Unlike jnana (knowledge), which is emphasized in Advaita, Vishishtadvaita holds that devotion and surrender, along with God’s grace, lead to liberation. 5. Moksha (Liberation):In Vishishtadvaita, liberation is the soul’s eternal service to and communion with God in Vaikuntha, the abode of Vishnu. The soul retains its individuality and enjoys eternal bliss in the presence of God. Nature of Moksha: Unlike Advaita’s concept of merging with Brahman and losing individuality, in Ramanuja’s view, the liberated soul continues to exist as a distinct entity, though it enjoys infinite bliss through its union with God. Critique of Advaita:A significant part of Śrībhāṣyam is devoted to refuting Advaita Vedanta. Ramanuja presents several key arguments: Reality of the World: Ramanuja rejects the Advaita notion of the world as an illusion. He argues that the world is real and is an expression of God’s will. Nature of Brahman: Ramanuja contends that Brahman must have qualities, as a formless, quality-less entity cannot be the object of devotion or serve as the cause of the world. Brahman’s attributes are real and essential to its nature. Jiva-Brahman Relationship: In contrast to Advaita’s view of absolute oneness, Ramanuja asserts that the individual soul is distinct from Brahman, though it is always dependent on Brahman. He introduces the idea of aprthak-siddhi (inseparability), where the soul is inseparably related to Brahman but retains its distinct identity. Conclusion:Śrībhāṣyam is a monumental work that systematically lays out the foundations of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta. Through detailed exegesis of the Brahma Sutras and other Vedic texts, Ramanujacharya presents a worldview where God (Brahman), souls (jivas), and the universe (jagat) are all real and interconnected. His philosophy emphasizes devotion, surrender, and the grace of God as the means to achieve moksha (liberation). The Śrībhāṣyam continues to be revered and studied by scholars and devotees of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition, and it has had a lasting influence on the development of Indian philosophy

Arjuna and Yudhishthira

Arjuna's sorrow (vishada) before the Mahabharata war and Yudhishthira's sorrow after winning the war represent two distinct forms of emotional and moral crises in the Mahabharata. While both moments highlight the ethical dilemmas and the burden of Dharma, their nature and causes are different, reflecting the broader themes of duty, responsibility, and the cost of war.Arjuna’s Vishada (Bhagavad Gita): Arjuna experiences a deep emotional crisis at the onset of the Kurukshetra war. Standing on the battlefield, he is overwhelmed by the prospect of fighting against his own family members, beloved teachers, and friends. His sorrow arises from the fear of causing death and destruction, the violation of familial and societal bonds, and the moral consequences of the violence he is about to participate in.Yudhishthira’s Sorrow (After the War): After the Pandavas win the war, Yudhishthira is devastated by the immense loss of life, including the deaths of his own kinsmen, elders, and countless soldiers on both sides. Even though he wins the war, he is consumed by guilt, regret, and grief over the destruction it has caused. His sorrow stems from the cost of victory and the burdens of kingship, as he feels personally responsible for the suffering of so many. Nature of the Sorrow Arjuna: Arjuna’s sorrow is anticipatory. He is distraught about the potential destruction that the war will cause. His emotions are driven by fear, attachment, and compassion, as well as confusion about his duty (dharma). He questions whether the war is justified and whether killing his family members for the sake of a kingdom is righteous. Yudhishthira: Yudhishthira’s sorrow is retrospective. He is grieving the destruction that has already occurred. Despite his moral uprightness and the righteousness of his cause, he is filled with remorse and a sense of futility about the war’s outcome. His sorrow is rooted in guilt and the belief that the victory came at too high a cost Moral and Ethical Dilemma Arjuna: Arjuna’s moral dilemma is about doing his duty as a warrior versus his personal relationships. He is torn between his role as a kshatriya (warrior) and his affection for his relatives and teachers. He is unsure whether following his dharma by engaging in battle is morally right, given the devastating consequences for his loved ones. Yudhishthira: Yudhishthira’s dilemma is about the consequences of duty. Even though he has fulfilled his role as a kshatriya and restored justice by reclaiming the throne, he struggles with the guilt of the lives lost in the process. He questions whether the end (victory and justice) justifies the means (the carnage of war). His sorrow is compounded by the fact that many who fought for him, like Bhishma, Drona, and Karna, died because of the war. Resolution Arjuna: Arjuna’s sorrow is resolved through spiritual guidance. Krishna teaches him the principles of Dharma, karma yoga (selfless action), and detachment. He emphasizes the eternal nature of the soul and the importance of performing one’s duty without attachment to the outcome. Arjuna’s dilemma is overcome by realizing that as a warrior, it is his duty to fight for justice, and by doing so without ego or attachment, he can transcend the grief of the material world. Yudhishthira: Yudhishthira’s sorrow is resolved through counsel from his elders. Bhishma, lying on his deathbed, consoles Yudhishthira by explaining the inevitability of war and the role of destiny (karma). Yudhishthira eventually understands that his actions were in accordance with Dharma, even though they resulted in suffering. He accepts his responsibility as king and learns to see the war as a necessary part of restoring cosmic balance. Philosophical Implications Arjuna: The philosophical focus in Arjuna’s crisis is on duty, action, and detachment. The Bhagavad Gita presents a broad spiritual framework that teaches Arjuna (and all seekers) to act according to one’s Dharma without attachment to success or failure, life or death. Krishna’s teachings encourage a transcendence of personal emotions in favor of the universal order. Yudhishthira: Yudhishthira’s crisis highlights the burden of kingship and the consequences of violence. His sorrow reflects the idea that even righteous actions (war fought for justice) can have painful consequences. It emphasizes the idea that life is complex, and even the fulfillment of one’s duty can lead to suffering. Yudhishthira’s dilemma is more existential, focusing on the futility of worldly success and the moral ambiguity of leadership. Psychological Perspective Arjuna: Arjuna’s sorrow reflects an internal conflict between personal desires and social obligations. His emotional paralysis arises from an attachment to his loved ones and a fear of the destruction of family and tradition. His crisis is about reconciling the individual self with the universal self. Yudhishthira: Yudhishthira’s sorrow reflects the weight of responsibility and the emotional toll of leadership. His grief comes from a deep sense of guilt, even though he acted according to Dharma. His crisis is about coming to terms with the consequences of his decisions and accepting the role of fate in human affairs. Outcome Arjuna: Arjuna’s crisis is resolved before the war begins, and he goes on to fight heroically in the battle. Through Krishna’s teachings, he attains a higher level of understanding about duty, the soul, and the nature of life and death. Yudhishthira: Yudhishthira’s sorrow lingers even after the war is won. Though he eventually accepts his role as king and fulfills his responsibilities, he remains somewhat disillusioned with the material world and yearns for peace and spiritual fulfillment, which he later attains through renunciation. Arjuna’s sorrow is anticipatory, focused on the ethical and emotional challenge of acting in a violent conflict and the fear of killing loved ones. Yudhishthira’s sorrow is retrospective, stemming from guilt and grief over the actual destruction caused by the war and the heavy moral cost of victory. Arjuna's resolution comes through understanding detachment and duty, while Yudhishthira’s resolution involves accepting destiny and the complexity of Dharma.Both forms of sorrow reflect the profound moral complexities faced by individuals when duty conflicts with personal values and the cost of righteous actions.

Both unique.

The dialogues of Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita (to Arjuna) and the Uddhava Gita (to Uddhava) both deal with profound spiritual teachings, but they are delivered in distinct contexts and with slightly different emphases. Here's a comparison of the two: Context of the Dialog ueBhagavad Gita: The Bhagavad Gita is part of the Mahabharata and takes place on the battlefield of Kurukshetra. Arjuna, a warrior, is in a state of deep moral and emotional confusion about fighting his kinsmen in battle. Krishna delivers his teachings to inspire Arjuna to perform his duty as a warrior (kshatriya) without attachment to the outcomes. Uddhava Gita: The Uddhava Gita is part of the Srimad Bhagavatam and occurs towards the end of Krishna's life. Uddhava, a close disciple and devotee, is seeking guidance as Krishna prepares to leave the material world. The teachings focus more on detachment, renunciation, and the nature of ultimate reality, since Uddhava is a spiritually evolved devotee. Nature of the TeachingsBhagavad Gita: In his dialogue with Arjuna, Krishna emphasizes karma yoga (the path of selfless action), bhakti yoga (the path of devotion), and jnana yoga (the path of knowledge). He encourages Arjuna to fulfill his dharma by fighting in the war, all while surrendering to the Divine and detaching from the fruits of action. The focus is on performing duty without attachment. Uddhava Gita: Krishna’s teachings to Uddhava are more focused on renunciation and the highest states of devotion. He explains the process of detaching from the material world, transcending the ego, and attaining liberation through knowledge and devotion. There is also a significant emphasis on the impermanence of the world and the need to rise above worldly delusion through contemplation and spiritual practice. Level of the Disciple Arjuna: Arjuna is a warrior who is caught in a dilemma about his moral obligations. Krishna’s teachings are tailored to help him overcome confusion and focus on his immediate duty. Arjuna represents the seeker who is in the midst of worldly challenges, and Krishna's teachings are more action-oriented, guiding him toward clarity and courage in performing his duties. Uddhava: Uddhava is a more spiritually advanced disciple. The conversation with Uddhava dives deeper into metaphysical discussions and the essence of detachment from the material world. Krishna’s teachings to Uddhava are meant to guide him to ultimate liberation (moksha), and so the teachings are more philosophical and contemplative. Focus on Bhakti (Devotion) Bhagavad Gita: Bhakti is presented as one of the paths to God. Krishna asks Arjuna to surrender to Him and act as an instrument of the Divine, with faith that everything will fall into place if done with devotion. Uddhava Gita: Bhakti is more central and advanced. Krishna explains the nature of pure devotion (parama bhakti), which is beyond rituals or external practices, focusing on inner surrender and constant meditation on God. Attitude Towards the World Bhagavad Gita: Krishna urges Arjuna to engage in the world, fulfill his duty, and yet remain detached. The key is to act without attachment to success or failure, as the soul is eternal and beyond the transient world. Uddhava Gita: Krishna speaks more about renouncing the world altogether, focusing on how the world is an illusion (Maya). He instructs Uddhava to detach from the ego and mind, realizing that the material world is fleeting and that liberation lies in spiritual awareness and detachment.6. Conclusion Bhagavad Gita: Krishna concludes by revealing his universal form and declaring that devotion to Him leads to liberation. He emphasizes performing one's duty without attachment, surrendering to God’s will, and attaining inner peace. Uddhava Gita: Krishna’s final instructions to Uddhava focus on the path of self-realization and complete detachment. The goal is to attain liberation through knowledge and unshakable devotion, transcending all dualities and worldly illusions. Summary: The Bhagavad Gita emphasizes action, duty, and devotion for someone like Arjuna, who is active in the world. The Uddhava Gita focuses on detachment, renunciation, and higher devotion for an advanced spiritual aspirant like Uddhava, preparing for the ultimate goal of liberation.While both texts highlight devotion to Krishna as central, the context and stage of the disciple's spiritual journey shape the specific guidance Krishna provides in each.

स्थितप्रज्ञः

 

स्थितप्रज्ञः इति भगवद्गीतायां वर्णितः एकः महत्त्वपूर्णः आदर्शः अस्ति। अयं व्यक्तिः स्थितप्रज्ञः इति तु तस्य मनः सर्वदा स्थिरं, अचलं च भवति। स्थितप्रज्ञस्य लक्षणानि अर्जुनाय श्रीकृष्णः प्रतिपादयति, यदा अर्जुनः युद्धक्षेत्रे आत्मज्ञानं, कर्मयोगं च सम्यक् प्रकारेण ज्ञातुं इच्छति। स्थितप्रज्ञः तु तस्य जीवनस्य सर्वेषु परिस्थितिषु समत्वं धारयति। सुखदुःखयोः, लाभालाभयोः, जयापजययोः च तस्य मनः समं भवति। न तु तं किञ्चित् विषयः संक्षोभयति, न च तं किञ्चित् विषयः आकर्षयति।

स्थितप्रज्ञस्य प्रथमं लक्षणं तु आत्मन्येव स्थितं चित्तं भवति। सः स्वात्मनि स्थितः, आत्मज्ञानस्य प्रकाशेन प्रकाशितः च भवति। बाह्यविषयेषु तस्य आकर्षणं वा रागद्वेषौ न भवतः। कर्मणां फलसङ्गं विहाय, सः निष्कामकर्मयोगं आचरति। फलप्राप्तिरूपेण तस्य अभिलाषा नास्ति, केवलं कर्तव्यं कर्तव्यमिति दृष्ट्या कर्म करोति।

स्थितप्रज्ञस्य द्वितीयं लक्षणं तु इन्द्रियजयः। तस्य इन्द्रियाणि विषयेभ्यः निवर्तन्ते। यदा इन्द्रियाणां विषयेषु प्रवृत्तिः भवति, तदा मनसः चञ्चलता जायते। किन्तु स्थितप्रज्ञः इन्द्रियाणि संयम्य, आत्मन्येव स्थिरः भवति। तस्य मनः न इन्द्रियेषु प्रवृत्तं भवति, अपितु तस्य आत्मनः स्थैर्यं चित्तस्य प्रसन्नतां च धारयति।

स्थितप्रज्ञस्य तृतीयं लक्षणं समत्वबुद्धिः। सः दुःखेषु अनुद्विग्नः, सुखेषु विगतस्पृहः च भवति। न तु सः दुःखेषु शोकं करोति, न च सुखेषु प्रमोदं। दुःखसुखयोः समं मनः धारयति। अयं समत्वबुद्धिः स्थितप्रज्ञस्य मूलस्वरूपम् अस्ति। 

अन्ते, स्थितप्रज्ञः तु न केवलं ज्ञानस्य साधकः भवति, अपितु कर्मयोगस्य आदर्शः अपि भवति। यः स्थितप्रज्ञः भवति, सः जीवनस्य सर्वेषु क्षेत्रेषु कर्तव्यम् अचरन् अपि, न तु फलसङ्गं करोति। तस्य लक्ष्यं तु केवलं आत्मज्ञानं, आत्मस्थैर्यं च भवति। तस्य जीवनं तु शान्तिपूर्णं, स्थिरं, आनन्दमयम् च भवति। भगवद्गीतायां स्थितप्रज्ञस्य जीवनदर्शनं तु सम्पूर्णस्य जीवनस्य मार्गदर्शनं प्रददाति।