Anton Pavlovich Chekhov a Russian playwright and short-story writer who is considered to be among the greatest writers of short fiction in history. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics. Along with Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg, Chekhov is often referred to as one of the three seminal figures in the birth of early modernism in the theatre. Chekhov practiced as a medical doctor throughout most of his literary career: "Medicine is my lawful wife", he once said, "and literature is my mistress.
Chekhov renounced the theatre after the reception of The Seagull in 1896, but the play was revived to acclaim in 1898 by Konstantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre, which subsequently also produced Chekhov's Uncle Vanya and premiered his last two plays, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. These four works present a challenge to the acting ensemble as well as to audiences, because in place of conventional action Chekhov offers a "theatre of mood" and a "submerged life in the text".
Chekhov had at first written stories to earn money, but as his artistic ambition grew, he made formal innovations which have influenced the evolution of the modern short story. He made no apologies for the difficulties this posed to readers, insisting that the role of an artist was to ask questions, not to answer them.
my favourite is the:
The Death Of A Government Clerk
ONE fine evening, a no less fine government clerk called Ivan Dmitritch Tchervyakov was
sitting in the second row of the stalls, gazing through an opera glass at the Cloches de
Corneville. He gazed and felt at the acme of bliss. But suddenly. . . . In stories one so often
meets with this "But suddenly." The authors are right: life is so full of surprises! But
suddenly his face puckered up, his eyes disappeared, his breathing was arrested . . . he took
the opera glass from his eyes, bent over and . . . "Aptchee!!" he sneezed as you perceive. It
is not reprehensible for anyone to sneeze anywhere. Peasants sneeze and so do police
superintendents, and sometimes even privy councillors. All men sneeze. Tchervyakov was
not in the least confused, he wiped his face with his handkerchief, and like a polite man,
looked round to see whether he had disturbed any one by his sneezing. But then he was
overcome with confusion. He saw that an old gentleman sitting in front of him in the first
row of the stalls was carefully wiping his bald head and his neck with his glove and
muttering something to himself. In the old gentleman, Tchervyakov recognised Brizzhalov,
a civilian general serving in the Department of Transport.
"I have spattered him," thought Tchervyakov, "he is not the head of my department, but still
it is awkward. I must apologise."
Tchervyakov gave a cough, bent his whole person forward, and whispered in the general's
ear.
"Pardon, your Excellency, I spattered you accidentally. . . ."
"Never mind, never mind."
"For goodness sake excuse me, I . . . I did not mean to."
"Oh, please, sit down! let me listen!"
Tchervyakov was embarrassed, he smiled stupidly and fell to gazing at the stage. He gazed
at it but was no longer feeling bliss. He began to be troubled by uneasiness. In the intervalhe went up to Brizzhalov, walked beside him, and overcoming his shyness, muttered:
"I spattered you, your Excellency, forgive me . . . you see . . . I didn't do it to . . . ."
"Oh, that's enough . . . I'd forgotten it, and you keep on about it!" said the general, moving
his lower lip impatiently.
"He has forgotten, but there is a fiendish light in his eye," thought Tchervyakov, looking
suspiciously at the general. "And he doesn't want to talk. I ought to explain to him . . . that I
really didn't intend . . . that it is the law of nature or else he will think I meant to spit on
him. He doesn't think so now, but he will think so later!"
that his wife took too frivolous a view of the incident; she was a little frightened, but when
she learned that Brizzhalov was in a different department, she was reassured
On getting home, Tchervyakov told his wife of his breach of good manners. It struck him,
"Still, you had better go and apologise," she said, "or he will think you don't know how to
behave in public."
"That's just it! I did apologise, but he took it somehow queerly . . . he didn't say a word of
sense. There wasn't time to talk properly."
Next day Tchervyakov put on a new uniform, had his hair cut and went to Brizzhalov's to
explain; going into the general's reception room he saw there a number of petitioners and
among them the general himself, who was beginning to interview them. After questioning
several petitioners the general raised his eyes and looked at Tchervyakov.
"Yesterday at the Arcadia, if you recollect, your Excellency," the latter began, "I sneezed
and . . . accidentally spattered . . . Exc. .
"What nonsense. . . . It's beyond anything! What can I do for you," said the general
addressing the next petitioner.
"He won't speak," thought Tchervyakov, turning pale; "that means that he is angry. . . . No,
it can't be left like this. . . . I will explain to him."
When the general had finished his conversation with the last of the petitioners and was
turning towards his inner apartments, Tchervyakov took a step towards him and muttered:
"Your Excellency! If I venture to trouble your Excellency, it is simply from a feeling I may
say of regret! . . . It was not intentional if you will graciously believe me."
The general made a lachrymose face, and waved his hand.
"Why, you are simply making fun of me, sir," he said as he closed the door behind him.
"Where's the making fun in it?" thought Tchervyakov, "there is nothing of the sort! He is a
general, but he can't understand. If that is how it is I am not going to apologise to that
fanfaron any more!
The devil take him. I'll write a letter to him, but I won't go. By Jove, I
won't."
So thought Tchervyakov as he walked home; he did not write a letter to the general, he
pondered and pondered and could not make up that letter. He had to go next day to explain
in person.
"I ventured to disturb your Excellency yesterday," he muttered, when the general lifted
enquiring eyes upon him, "not to make fun as you were pleased to say. I was apologising for
having spattered you in sneezing. . . . And I did not dream of making fun of you. Should I
dare to make fun of you, if we should take to making fun, then there would be no respect
for persons, there would be. . . ."
"Be off!" yelled the general, turning suddenly purple, and shaking all over.
What?" asked Tchervyakov, in a whisper turning numb with horror.
"Be off!" repeated the general, stamping.
Something seemed to give way in Tchervyakov's stomach. Seeing nothing and hearing
nothing he reeled to the door, went out into the street, and went staggering along. . . .
Reaching home mechanically, without taking off his uniform, he lay down on the sofa.
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